Pressures and threats for individual bird species: Tenth UK Report for Article 12 of the EU Birds Directive (2008-2012)
This dataset records the principal factors responsible for causing individual bird species to decline, suppressing their numbers or restricting their ranges. In accordance with the EU guidelines, It has only been be completed for species triggering SPA classifications. These data were submitted by the UK to the EU as part of the Tenth UK Report for Article 12 of the EU Birds Directive (2008-2012). An EU standardised list of pressures and threats was used for this report. See http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Reporting/Article_12/reference_portal. The Identifier column is made up of a combination of season (B=breeding, P=passage and W=Wintering) and the standard EU bird codes (NOWAK codes). The relative importance of each of the pressures and threats has been ranked in one of three categories: * H = High importance/impact: Important direct or immediate influence, and/or acting over large areas. * M = Medium importance/impact: Medium direct or immediate influence, mainly indirect influence, and/or acting over moderate part of the area/ regionally only. * L = Low importance/impact: Low direct or immediate influence, indirect influence, and/or acting over small part of the area/ locally only. The reliability of the impact score given in the column "c) Quality of impact assessment": * 3 = Good – e.g. evidence exists from experimental studies showing that the factor has an influence on the species. * 2 = Moderate – e.g. correlational studies strongly indicate that the factor has an influence on the species, but its impact has not been tested. * 1 = Poor – e.g. expert opinion suggests that the factor could plausibly have an influence on the species, but without any evidence. The primary location of each reported impact is shown in the "location" field as follows : * 4 = Inside the Member State * 3 = Elsewhere in the EU * 2 = Outside EU * 1 = Both inside and outside EU * x = Unknown
nonGeographicDataset
name: Birds-Directive-Article12-2013-Pressures-and-threats.csv
bb4622de-c06a-4bd0-ba18-021764179038
eng
http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=6526
biota
Freshwater
Marine
Terrestrial
European Reporting
Article 12
Birds Directive
2008-01-01
2012-12-31
publication
2014-01-01
EU guidance and approach The assessment of Pressures and Threats is required only for those species for which SPAs have been classified (what the EU call ‘SPA trigger species’). EU guidance states that “pressures are considered to be factors that are acting now or which were acting during the reporting period, while threats are factors that are expected to act in the future.†Also that: “It is recommended that the time span for pressures is the six years covered by the current reporting period (exceptionally, due to the change in reporting cycles, 2008-2012 for the current reporting round). For threats, the recommended time span is two reporting periods (i.e. 12 years) into the future, reporting only those impacts that are very likely to occur.†However, the Article 12 process does not require Pressures and/or Threats to be reported separately. This can cause confusion because it is not clear as to whether the issue has, or is actually impacting a species (a Pressure), or hypothetically might do so at some stage up to 12 years in the future (a Threat). Accordingly, in undertaking the assessments for Article 12, Pressures and Threats have been separately assessed and recorded. (Such attribution is indicated in the "Pressure or threat" column of this dataset. Unlike some other elements of the Article 12 report, no prior collated source of Pressures and Threats acting on UK birds exists, so the assessments have involved considerable work. Initial assessments were derived from major multi-species ornithological reviews (e.g. Brown & Grice 2005; Forrester & Andrews 2007). These were supplemented with information from species monographs, species action plans and recently published review papers. Where publications were ‘secondary’ (e.g. Brown & Grice 2005; Forrester & Andrews 2007), cited primary sources were assessed to confirm the strength of evidence supporting each apparent Pressure and/or Threat. In addition to species-derived review, where possible thematic reviews were also used (e.g. species subject to illegal persecution or impacted as bycatch of marine fisheries). Multiple reviews of the initial assessments were made from both the separate perspectives of the species and the issues to quality-assess the final listing This aided the identification of any gaps or missing species issues. The quality assessment process has been informed by the EU guidance which states that Pressures and Threats are: “…the principal factors responsible for causing individual species to decline, suppressing their numbers or restricting their ranges.†To this end, Pressures have not been assigned to species with an increasing short-term population trend – since the issue cannot be thus currently ‘causing decline’ or ‘suppressing numbers’ (although it may do so in the future). The exceptions to this are species which may be recovering following historic depletion of numbers (e.g. Bittern Botaurus stellaris or Corncrake Crex crex). For such species a current Pressure may nonetheless be constraining the rate of population increase. In assessing Threats, we have been informed by the EU guidance which states that these were “only those impacts that are very likely to occur.†Pressures and Threats have been assessed from a UK perspective. For some species individual issues (for example, persecution of raptors) may be acute in some parts of UK, but much less so elsewhere. Importantly, a Pressure/Threat may have acute impact on birds at a local or site scale (or e.g. in the context of an individual development proposal), but nonetheless not be included in the UK assessment if it has been judged not to occur frequently, and/or at wide scales.
Comma Separated Values
Unknown
Released under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Attribution statement: "Contains public sector data © JNCC/NE/NRW/SNH/DOENI. Licence: OGL"
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2018-05-17